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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
07:27

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase

Published on: April 30, 2010

Abortive initiation and long ribonucleic acid synthesis.

L M Munson, W S Reznikoff

    Biochemistry
    |April 14, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    Abortive initiation, the release of short RNA fragments, impacts RNA polymerase activity. Reduced abortive initiation correlates with increased long RNA synthesis from bacterial promoters.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • In vitro transcription assays are crucial for studying gene regulation.
    • The Escherichia coli lactose promoter (lacL8UV5) is a well-characterized model system.
    • RNA polymerase-promoter interactions govern transcription initiation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between abortive initiation and the rate of long RNA synthesis.
    • To compare transcription dynamics between the lacL8UV5 promoter and the Tn5 promoter.
    • To elucidate factors affecting RNA polymerase efficiency.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized in vitro transcription assays with specific DNA fragments.
    • Measured the rate of long RNA production (63-base).

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    Investigation of RNA Synthesis Using 5-Bromouridine Labelling and Immunoprecipitation
    09:59

    Investigation of RNA Synthesis Using 5-Bromouridine Labelling and Immunoprecipitation

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    Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
    10:37

    Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

    Published on: May 10, 2018

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
    07:27

    Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase

    Published on: April 30, 2010

    Investigation of RNA Synthesis Using 5-Bromouridine Labelling and Immunoprecipitation
    09:59

    Investigation of RNA Synthesis Using 5-Bromouridine Labelling and Immunoprecipitation

    Published on: May 3, 2018

    Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
    10:37

    Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

    Published on: May 10, 2018

  • Quantified oligonucleotide release during abortive initiation.

    • Main Results:

    • A correlation was observed between abortive initiation frequency and the half-life of long RNA production.
    • Formation of a stable ternary complex (promoter, RNA polymerase, 7-9 nucleotide RNA) reduced abortive initiation and increased long RNA synthesis.
    • The Tn5 promoter exhibited slower long RNA synthesis and higher abortive initiation rates compared to the lacL8UV5 promoter.

    Conclusions:

    • Abortive initiation is a key regulatory step influencing the efficiency of productive transcription.
    • Promoter sequence and RNA polymerase complex stability significantly impact transcription rates.
    • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for gene expression studies.