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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:39

Mutations

Overview
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Point and Frameshift Mutations01:30

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells
10:06

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Published on: April 26, 2017

Four-base codons ACCA, ACCU and ACCC are recognized by frameshift suppressor sufJ.

L Bossi, J R Roth

    Cell
    |August 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    The frameshift suppressor sufJ corrects +1 frameshift mutations by reading a novel 4-base codon. This discovery reveals a new mechanism for frameshift suppression, expanding our understanding of translation regulation.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Frameshift mutations are insertions or deletions of nucleotides that alter the reading frame of mRNA.
    • Frameshift suppressors are tRNAs that can read through these mutations, restoring protein synthesis.
    • The specific mechanisms and recognition sites for many frameshift suppressors remain poorly understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify the specific mRNA sequence recognized by the frameshift suppressor sufJ.
    • To elucidate the mechanism by which sufJ suppresses +1 frameshift mutations.
    • To characterize the novel codon recognition properties of sufJ.

    Main Methods:

    • Site-directed mutagenesis was used to create potential sufJ recognition sites near a frameshift mutation.

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    Visualization and Quantification of Intermolecular RNA Base Pairing in in vitro RNA Clusters Using Split Broccoli RNA Reporters
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  • DNA sequencing was employed to confirm the generated mutations.
  • Functional analysis of suppression was inferred from the experimental design, though not explicitly detailed.

    • Main Results:

    • The frameshift suppressor sufJ was found to recognize a 4-base codon, ACCX (where X can be A, U, or C).
    • This recognition site is located near, but not directly at, the site of the frameshift mutation.
    • sufJ is the first identified frameshift suppressor that does not require a run of three repeated bases in the first three positions of its codon.

    Conclusions:

    • The sufJ suppressor tRNA recognizes an unusual 4-base codon, ACCX, enabling it to suppress a variety of +1 frameshift mutations.
    • This finding expands the known repertoire of codon recognition by tRNAs and provides a new model for frameshift suppression.
    • Understanding sufJ's mechanism offers insights into translational fidelity and regulation.