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Experimental cold injury to peripheral nerve.

H Nukada, M Pollock, S Allpress

Brain : a Journal of Neurology

|December 1, 1981

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Cold exposure causes nerve damage, primarily affecting large myelinated nerve fibers in rats. This leads to paralysis, highlighting a pathological basis for hypothermic injury severity in peripheral nerves.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Pathology

Background:

Non-freezing cold injuries can cause peripheral nerve damage.
The specific mechanisms and fiber selectivity of cold-induced nerve injury are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the pathological effects of focal non-freezing cold injury on rat sciatic nerves.
To determine the relationship between nerve fiber diameter and vulnerability to cold injury.

Main Methods:

Induction of focal non-freezing cold injury to the rat sciatic nerve.
Assessment of nerve conduction, axoplasmic transport, and functional recovery.
Histological and ultrastructural analysis using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to evaluate nerve edema and capillary integrity.
Microscopic examination to assess nerve fiber degeneration and demyelination based on fiber diameter.

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Main Results:

Cold injury caused nerve conduction block and halted axoplasmic transport.
Rats exhibited initial functional recovery followed by progressive paralysis.
Prominent nerve edema was observed, with enhanced pinocytosis and later leakage through damaged endoneurial capillaries.
Large myelinated nerve fibers showed severe axonal degeneration, while unmyelinated fibers were spared.
Demyelination was infrequent and likely secondary to axonal swelling.

Conclusions:

Peripheral nerve injury from cold exposure demonstrates selective vulnerability based on nerve fiber diameter.
Axonal degeneration in large myelinated fibers is the primary pathology in hypothermic nerve injury.
The observed pathological findings correlate with the clinical severity gradient seen in limb hypothermic injuries.