Brainstem projections to the facial nucleus of the opossum. A study using axonal transport techniques

The horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic techniques have been used to determine the origin and intranuclear termination of brainstem axons projecting to the facial nucleus of the opossum and to define networks which could be utilized in some oral-facial behaviors. Two regions of the midbrain have dense projections to the facial nucleus. One region is the ventral periaqueductal gray and adjacent interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus which project bilaterally to those areas of the facial nucleus supplying auricular and cervical musculature. A second is the paralemniscal zone of the caudolateral midbrain which innervates the same areas of the contralateral facial nucleus. The red nucleus and/or the adjacent tegmentum send a less dense projection to those regions of the contralateral facial nucleus which innervate buccolabial and zygomatic muscles. The dorsolateral pons (the parabrachial complex, the nucleus locus coeruleus, pars alpha, and the nucleus sensorius n. trigemini, pars dorsalis) projects densely to those areas of the ipsilateral facial nucleus which innervate buccolabial and zygomatic musculature. In contrast, the nucleus reticularis pontis, pars ventralis, projects bilaterally to parts of the facial nucleus supplying auricular and cervical muscles. There was evidence of some rostral to caudal organization in the latter projection. Neurons in medial parts of the lateral reticular formation project bilaterally to the facial nucleus. Those within the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis and the rostral nucleus reticularis medullae oblongatae ventralis innervate areas supplying buccolabial and zygomatic muscles. Neurons in the nucleus reticularis medullae oblongatae ventralis located caudal to the obex favor regions of the facial nuclei which supply auricular and cervical muscles. Neurons in the nucleus reticularis medullae oblongatae dorsalis and lamina V of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns project ipsilaterally to the facial nucleus in a manner suggesting that information from specific cutaneous areas reaches neurons supplying the muscles deep to them. The brainstem-facial connections are discussed in relation to the functionally diverse roles served by the facial nucleus in oral-facial behavior.