The patterns of protein synthesis during foetal and neonatal organ development in the mouse are remarkably similar

The extent to which differential gene expressions can be correlated with organ development was examined at the level of protein synthesis during pre- and postnatal development in the mouse. High resolution, equilibrium, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis detected, for each of five to ten successive stages for each of seven organ systems, between 850 and 1000 separate newly synthesized proteins. The possibility that the 1000 detectable proteins synthesized at any one time during organ development represent a sampling bias was contra-indicated (a) because a different and larger population of [14C]amino acid-incorporating protein syntheses gave similar results and (b) because nonequilibrium isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, isoelectric points between pH 5.5 and 8.7 confirmed the results from yet a different population of protein syntheses. Within limits of the sampling of protein syntheses, the entire period of organ development examined proceeds with altered expression of small proportion of the total proteins being synthesized. While all protein changes were stage specific, approximately three organ-specific protein syntheses were detected per organ system. One family of five protein syntheses seen in 16-day foetuses had homologous primary structures and presumably are keratins derived from a single genomic expression. These selected stage-specific protein syntheses examined by electrophoresis of partial proteolytic digests disclosed a programme for post-translational changes in protein syntheses. The current observations indicate that the examined pre- and postnatal organ development of the seven organs occurs in the presence of greater than 99% similarity among proteins synthesized in the same and different organ systems. Functional differentiation during organogenesis, therefore, occurs in the presence of less than 1% change in qualitative or quantitative switch in protein syntheses. Evidence is presented to indicate that even this remarkably small number of changes in protein syntheses during functional organ differentiation may be derived from an even smaller subset of gene expressions. Collectively, the data suggest that explanatory mechanisms for molecular organogenesis must encompass both selective gene expressions along with post-translational programmed events.