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Related Experiment Videos

Probing Proctor's priming principle: the effect of simultaneous and sequential presentation on same-different

L E Krueger

    Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
    |July 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    The internal-noise principle explains the fast-same effect, showing more errors and faster correct judgments for same pairs. Priming, or letter repetition facilitation, was confirmed but inhibited by intertrial repetition.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Perceptual Science

    Background:

    • The fast-same effect describes faster reaction times for identifying identical stimuli compared to different ones.
    • Several theories attempt to explain this effect, including internal noise, priming, and relative frequency.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate and differentiate between three proposed explanations for the fast-same effect: internal noise, priming, and relative frequency.
    • To clarify the underlying mechanisms of priming in stimulus identification.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental manipulation of presentation conditions (sequential vs. simultaneous) and intertrial repetitions.
    • Analysis of judgment accuracy (errors) and reaction times.
    • Statistical evaluation of the impact of stimulus-set size on the fast-same effect.

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    Main Results:

    • The internal-noise principle was consistently supported, predicting both increased errors and faster correct judgments for same pairs.
    • Priming, defined as encoding facilitation from letter repetition, was observed but found to be inhibited by intertrial repetitions.
    • Error data analysis indicated that priming enhances encoding efficiency (d') rather than shifting response criteria (beta).
    • The relative-frequency explanation was disconfirmed as stimulus-set size did not influence the fast-same effect.

    Conclusions:

    • Internal noise is a robust factor contributing to the fast-same effect.
    • Priming plays a role but is sensitive to contextual repetitions, and it operates via enhanced encoding efficiency.
    • Alternative explanations like relative frequency and criterion shifts are less likely to account for the observed phenomena.