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The basal ganglia in extrapyramidal dysfunction.

C D Barnes

    Brain Research Bulletin
    |August 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Advances in basal ganglia circuitry explain movement disorders. Parkinson's disease (akinesia) and Huntington's disease (hemiballismus) result from distinct system outputs affecting movement and muscle tone.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Motor Control
    • Systems Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Basal ganglia circuitry and function have seen significant recent advances.
    • Understanding these circuits is crucial for explaining various pathological motor states.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To construct a functional scheme of basal ganglia circuitry.
    • To explain the dichotomy observed in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing recent knowledge of basal ganglia circuitry and function.
    • Developing a functional scheme based on system outputs.

    Main Results:

    • Parkinson's disease (akinesia, increased tone) and Huntington's disease (hemiballismus, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, decreased tone) are explained by two distinct system outputs.

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  • These outputs involve an intervening inhibitory neuron that reverses the sign.

    • Conclusions:

    • The pallidothalamic output primarily controls movements.
    • The nigrobrainstem output primarily controls muscle tone.
    • This functional scheme provides a unified explanation for opposing motor symptoms in basal ganglia disorders.