Tumor promoter TPA increases initiation of replication on DNA injected into xenopus eggs

The effect of the tumor promoter TPA on the control of DNA replication was assayed by following the regulated replication of DNA microinjected into eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis. TPA increases the amount of replication of injected DNA. Both initiation of replication on parental DNA molecules and reinitiation on previously replicated molecules are stimulated. Interaction with the external membrane appears necessary since injections of high concentrations of TPA into the egg are ineffective, whereas nM concentrations are active in the external medium. Related molecules that lack tumor promoting activity do not affect DNA replication. The effect of TPA on DNA replication was detectable only after the first cell cycle, and TPA cannot induce replication in oocytes, the quiescent stage which precedes the egg. When protein synthesis is inhibited TPA still increases initiation of replication, but does not allow detectable reinitiation cycles. The results suggest that interaction of TPA with the cell membrane is sufficient to increase the efficiency of replication initiation by a mechanism that does not require illegitimate reinitiation within a single cell cycle.