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Human monkeypox, 1970-79.

J G Breman, Kalisa-Ruti, M V Steniowski

    Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    |January 1, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary
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    See all related articles

    Human monkeypox, a smallpox-like illness, has had 47 cases since 1970, primarily in children in Central/West Africa. Its low transmission rate suggests it is not a major public health concern, but further research is needed.

    Area of Science:

    • Epidemiology
    • Virology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Human monkeypox, a zoonotic disease, has gained attention post-smallpox eradication.
    • First described in Central Africa in 1970, it clinically resembles smallpox but differs epidemiologically.
    • Since 1970, 47 human cases have been reported across 5 African countries, with most in Zaire.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the clinical and epidemiological features of human monkeypox.
    • To assess the transmission dynamics and public health implications of monkeypox.
    • To highlight the need for further research into the virus's natural reservoir and transmission cycles.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective analysis of reported human monkeypox cases.
    • Epidemiological investigation of case clusters and contact tracing.

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  • Review of existing literature on monkeypox and related orthopoxviruses.

    • Main Results:

    • Monkeypox presents with similar clinical evolution and sequelae to smallpox, but with a lower case-fatality rate (approx. 17%).
    • The disease predominantly affects children under 10 years old and occurs in tropical rainforest areas.
    • Person-to-person transmission is limited, with a significantly lower secondary attack rate (3.3-7.5%) compared to smallpox.

    Conclusions:

    • Monkeypox, due to its low frequency and transmission rate, is not currently considered a major public health threat.
    • The natural reservoir and vectors of the monkeypox virus remain unidentified, necessitating ongoing research.
    • Further studies are crucial to better define the clinical spectrum and epidemiological patterns of monkeypox virus.