Endocrine aspects of trophoblastic neoplasia

The trophoblastic cells in both benign and malignant trophoblastic disease secrete a variety of steroid, polypeptide and hormonal agents. Those substances that are known to be elaborated by the neoplastic trophoblastic tissue include hCG, a substance with TSH-like activity, estrogens, progestogens and placental lactogen. The most well characterized of these is hCG, which can be assayed easily. The level of hCG plays an important role in the diagnosis, management and follow-up of patients with trophoblastic disease. Because of this, a sensitive assay that does not cross-react with LH would be ideal. It appears that some of the clinical signs and symptoms seen in these patients (including toxemia, theca lutein cyst, hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis, and galactorrhea) are a direct manifestation or reflection of the level of hCG. There is very little information available at this time on the pathophysiologic role that hCG plays at the cellular level in causing these signs and symptoms. Many questions remain to be answered regarding the role of the other hormones in trophoblastic disease and how they affect the patient. Additionally, very little is known about the potential use of the other hormones in diagnosis, management and follow-up of patients with trophoblastic disease.