Retinal projections in the goldfish: a study using cobaltous-lysine

Cobaltous lysine applied to the distal stump of a severed optic nerve was used to study the retinal projections of normal adult goldfish. Both the termination areas of optic axons and the pathways they traveled were established. Contrary to previous descriptions of the goldfish visual system, the optic nerves do not decussate completely at the optic chiasm. Fascicles that entered the ipsilateral optic tract innervated targets in the ipsilateral thalamus and optic tectum. Other optic fibers crossed the posterior commissure from the contralateral side of the brain and also innervated the ipsilateral tectum and thalamus. In addition, optic fibers bilaterally innervated a hypothalamic target in close proximity to the infundibulum that may correspond to the nucleus tuberis lateralis. The contralateral preoptic region contained two discrete areas of innervation, each served by separate fascicles. The ipsilateral preoptic region was similarly innervated, but more sparsely. Fibers that entered the controlateral ventral thalamus originated from three fascicles and terminated in three distinct targets. In contrast, three targets in the contralateral dorsal thalamus were served by one fascicle, and fibers passed from one nucleus to the other two. Innervation of the ipsilateral thalamus was similar to that seen contralaterally. Each main optic tract divided into three tracts, two of which entered the optic tectum, while the other innervated several pretectal areas. Other fibers innervated an accessory optic nucleus located near nucleus glomerulosus. The contralateral tectum contained numerous radially oriented optic fascicles. These fascicles represented optic fibers that left thalamic and pretectal targets to enter the optic tectum from beneath the stratum periventriculare. Optic fibers were also observed in the transverse commissure, tractus rotundus, horizontal commissure, tectobulbar tract, and fasciculus retroflexus. Therefore, it appears that many of the anomalous projections seen after tectal ablation or after optic nerve crush are not in fact aberrant. Such projections probably reflect the presence of unusually large numbers of optic fibers in tracts that normally contain optic axons, as well as increased innervation of areas that normally receive sparse retinal projections. Filled tectal cells that could represent cells projecting to the retina were not observed in either tectal lobe. The ipsilateral retinal projections could not be attributed to cobaltous-lysine being transneuronally transported in readily detectable amounts.