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Related Concept Videos

Conserved Binding Sites01:49

Conserved Binding Sites

Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein known as ligand-binding sites. Ligand-binding sites are often conserved among homologous proteins as these sites are critical for protein function.
Binding sites are often located in large pockets, and if their location on a protein’s surface is unknown, it can be predicted using various approaches. The energetic method computationally analyses the...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Single Cell Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction After Patch-clamp
10:44

Single Cell Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction After Patch-clamp

Published on: June 20, 2018

A symmetrical six-base-pair target site sequence determines Tn10 insertion specificity.

S M Halling, N Kleckner

    Cell
    |January 1, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary

    Transposon Tn10 preferentially inserts into bacterial DNA at specific sites. Researchers identified a 6 base pair consensus sequence (GCTNAGC) responsible for this insertion specificity.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Microbiology

    Background:

    • Transposon Tn10 exhibits preferential insertion at specific chromosomal locations.
    • Understanding the DNA sequence determinants of Tn10 insertion specificity is crucial for genome engineering and studying transposon dynamics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify the specific DNA sequence signal responsible for Tn10's preferential insertion into bacterial chromosomes.
    • To elucidate the mechanism of Tn10 target site recognition and insertion.

    Main Methods:

    • DNA sequencing of 11 Tn10 insertion sites.
    • Bioinformatic analysis to identify common sequence motifs.
    • Comparison of insertion site sequences with known non-insertion sites.

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    An Assay for Quantifying Protein-RNA Binding in Bacteria
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    An Assay for Quantifying Protein-RNA Binding in Bacteria

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    DNA Sequence Recognition by DNA Primase Using High-Throughput Primase Profiling
    08:04

    DNA Sequence Recognition by DNA Primase Using High-Throughput Primase Profiling

    Published on: October 8, 2019

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 7, 2026

    Single Cell Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction After Patch-clamp
    10:44

    Single Cell Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction After Patch-clamp

    Published on: June 20, 2018

    An Assay for Quantifying Protein-RNA Binding in Bacteria
    07:02

    An Assay for Quantifying Protein-RNA Binding in Bacteria

    Published on: June 12, 2019

    DNA Sequence Recognition by DNA Primase Using High-Throughput Primase Profiling
    08:04

    DNA Sequence Recognition by DNA Primase Using High-Throughput Primase Profiling

    Published on: October 8, 2019

    Main Results:

    • A 6 base pair (bp) symmetrical consensus sequence (GCTNAGC) was identified at Tn10 insertion hotspots.
    • Insertion site sequences showed limited, defined deviations from the consensus.
    • The consensus sequence and related sequences were absent from regions where Tn10 does not insert.
    • The consensus sequence is located within the 9 bp target DNA cleaved during insertion.

    Conclusions:

    • The identified 6 bp consensus sequence is the primary determinant of Tn10 insertion specificity.
    • The symmetrical nature of the sequence and its location suggest recognition and cleavage by a single protein with symmetrical subunits.
    • Protein-DNA interactions, likely along the major groove, mediate the recognition of the target DNA sequence.