[Interest in gnotoxenic systems for the study of host-microbial flora of the digestive tract]

It is necessary to use experimental models in all studies of interactions between a host, its digestive tract microbial flora and the environment because these interactions are complex. The gnotoxenic animal, reared in an isolator as the axenic animal and harbouring a known microbial flora, constitutes either an analytic or mimetic experimental model. The gnotoxenic animal may be considered as an analytic model when used to determine which biotic or abiotic environmental factor of the host-animal plays a role in the intestinal ecosystem. The potential metabolic or immunologic role of a given bacterial strain in the intestinal ecosystem may be determined when the axenic animal is associated with this strain. The variation of the expression of the potential role of this strain in relation to the environment can be ascertained by diversifying the diet of the host or by introducing other bacterial strains into the intestinal ecosystem. The role of an association of strains in host physiology and host protection against potentially pathogenic target strains can also be studied using this analytic model. An analytic model is created by associating either isolated strains of the holoxenic or heated or diluted suspensions of holoxenic digestive tract flora. Axenic mice associated with these simplified flora are called meroxenic. The gnotoxenic animal is considered to be a mimetic model when it harbours a microbial flora isolated from an animal of a different species. The advantage of the mimetic model is that it provides an easy-to-use biological tool, i.e. gnotoxenic mice, to first determine the potential role of these microbial strains. The validity of the mimetic model is then tested by comparing gnotoxenic mice and gnotoxenic piglets or chickens. When all the gnotoxenic animals are given the same diet, this comparison permits an estimation of the animal-host role in the expression of the potential activities of microbial strains. The mimetic model, composed of gnotoxenic animals harbouring microbial strains of human origin, is the only experimental model which can be used to study the role of microorganisms in the intestinal ecosystem of man.