Neurodegenerative diseases of infancy and childhood

The neurodegenerative diseases of infancy and childhood include disorders in which there is progressive loss of neurological function due to structural abnormalities of the central nervous system. Well over six hundred disorders, many of which are rarely seen, can be included in this category. Yet, the conditions represent collectively over one-fourth of all admissions to pediatric neurology services. Five-year samples of admission characteristics of 1218 patients from two medical centers over twenty-two years permit an estimate of the frequency of the neurodegenerative diseases. The six most-encountered diagnoses, in declining order, were: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; tuberous sclerosis with degeneration; West disease, or idiopathic degenerative encephalopathy associated with infantile spasms; Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, and hereditary spastic paraplegia. A classification is offered grouping the neurodegenerative disorders into five major categories: polioencephalopathies, leukoencephalopathies, corencephalopathies, spinocerebellopathies, and diffuse encephalopathies. Disorders in each subgroup may be either genetic or nongenetic. Neurodegenerative diseases have multiple causes, including metabolic, viral, immunopathic, environmental, and epileptogenic. The cause of many remains unknown.