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Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...

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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry

Published on: October 28, 2014

Cellular calcium metabolism.

Annals of Internal Medicine

|May 1, 1983

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular calcium (Ca2+) is a vital messenger in neural and endocrine cells, regulating muscle function and hormone secretion. Proper calcium homeostasis and receptor protein function are crucial for preventing diseases like hypertension.

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Published on: January 24, 2017

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Cellular Biology
Physiology

Background:

Cytosolic calcium concentration (Ca2+) changes are fundamental to stimulus-response coupling in neural and endocrine cells.
Ca2+ acts as a critical intracellular messenger regulating vital physiological processes.
Dysregulation of cellular calcium metabolism is implicated in various pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in understanding cellular calcium metabolism.
To integrate knowledge of intracellular Ca2+ receptor proteins with calcium homeostasis.
To explore the relationship between calcium metabolism and the pathogenesis of hypertension.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent developments in cellular calcium metabolism.
Analysis of the messenger role of Ca2+ in different cell types.
Integration of data on Ca2+ receptor proteins and calcium homeostasis.

Main Results:

Ca2+ concentration changes are universal in stimulus-response coupling.
Ca2+ regulates cardiac and smooth muscle function, aldosterone, and renin secretion.
Small Ca2+ fluctuations yield significant cellular responses; membrane fluxes are critical; excess Ca2+ is toxic.

Conclusions:

Cellular calcium homeostasis and Ca2+ receptor protein function are key to normal cell function.
Understanding calcium metabolism is essential for elucidating the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Precise regulation of intracellular calcium is critical for preventing cellular toxicity and disease.