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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
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The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

M S Gottlieb, J E Groopman, W M Weinstein

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |August 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new epidemic, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), causes severe T-lymphocyte immune defects, leading to opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma. The infectious cause remains unknown, demanding urgent scientific attention.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Epidemiology
    • Virology

    Background:

    • A novel epidemic illness, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has rapidly emerged globally.
    • AIDS is characterized by profound defects in the T-lymphocyte immune system.
    • This immune compromise underlies severe opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize the emerging understanding of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
    • To highlight the critical unresolved issues in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of AIDS.
    • To emphasize the urgent need for identifying the cause of AIDS.

    Main Methods:

    • Epidemiological data analysis.
    • Clinical case observations.
    • Review of emerging scientific literature.

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    Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
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    Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
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    Main Results:

    • AIDS presents with severe immunodeficiency, high case-fatality rates (over 90% within two years).
    • Epidemiological evidence strongly suggests an infectious, likely viral, etiology.
    • The causative agent remains unidentified.

    Conclusions:

    • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a critical global health threat.
    • Urgent research is needed to identify the infectious agent and develop preventive strategies.
    • Effective management of complicating infections and cancers is crucial.