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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Fluidity01:23

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Membrane Fluidity01:26

Membrane Fluidity

Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is a relatively...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes
10:05

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Published on: August 13, 2012

Adenylate cyclase and membrane fluidity. The repressor hypothesis.

R Salesse, J Garnier

    Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
    |January 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary

    Altering membrane fluidity with drugs impacts adenylate cyclase activity. A new repressor hypothesis suggests hormones and GTP release the active cyclase unit by dissociating it from a repressor complex.

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Cell Biology
    • Membrane Biophysics

    Background:

    • Adenylate cyclase activity is modulated by hormones and other signaling molecules.
    • Membrane fluidity plays a crucial role in cellular signaling processes.
    • Previous studies have explored the link between membrane properties and enzyme function.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the relationship between drug-induced membrane fluidity changes and adenylate cyclase stimulation.
    • To compare data from pigeon erythrocyte membranes with existing literature.
    • To propose a new model for adenylate cyclase regulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on membrane fluidity and adenylate cyclase activity.
    • Analysis of data from pigeon erythrocyte membranes.

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  • Application of fluorescence anisotropy and electron spin resonance theories for fluidity measurements.

    • Main Results:

    • Cationic drugs and alcohols perturb the inner bilayer, causing multiphasic changes in membrane fluidity and adenylate cyclase activity.
    • Hormones, GTP, Gpp(NH)p, and NaF stimulate adenylate cyclase.
    • A repressor complex (hormone receptor R and regulatory protein N) inhibits the catalytic unit C.

    Conclusions:

    • The repressor hypothesis provides a new interpretation of cyclase stimulation.
    • Hormones, magnesium ions, and GTP act as allosteric ligands, shifting the equilibrium to activate the cyclase.
    • Gpp(NH)p, fluoride, and forskolin also promote activation, while GDP and free receptors favor repression.