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The interaction between Treponema pallidum and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

D M Musher, M Hague-Park, F Gyorkey

    The Journal of Infectious Diseases
    |January 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) are attracted to and ingest Treponema pallidum, a bacterium causing syphilis. However, this interaction doesn't lead to the eradication of the bacteria, leaving the mechanism unclear.

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Microbiology
    • Infectious Diseases

    Background:

    • Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) are key immune cells involved in early host defense against bacterial infections.
    • Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, a complex sexually transmitted infection.
    • Understanding the initial host-pathogen interactions is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the interaction between human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) and Treponema pallidum in vitro and in vivo.
    • To elucidate the role of complement and antibodies in PMNL-mediated responses to T. pallidum.
    • To determine the fate of T. pallidum following phagocytosis by PMNLs.

    Main Methods:

    • Intradermal inoculation of rabbits with T. pallidum to study PMNL accumulation.

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  • In vitro incubation of T. pallidum with human serum to assess C5a release.
  • Chemiluminescence assays to measure PMNL activation in response to T. pallidum.
  • Electron microscopy to visualize the ultrastructural interactions between PMNLs and T. pallidum.
  • In vivo studies in rabbits to track PMNLs and T. pallidum.

    • Main Results:

    • Intradermal injection of T. pallidum induced rapid PMNL accumulation in rabbits.
    • Human serum incubated with T. pallidum released chemotaxigenic factor (C5a).
    • PMNLs showed stimulated chemiluminescence upon incubation with T. pallidum, requiring antibody and complement.
    • Electron microscopy revealed rapid T. pallidum uptake by PMNLs, with subsequent degranulation and loss of treponemal integrity.
    • T. pallidum was observed within rabbit PMNLs three hours post-inoculation.

    Conclusions:

    • PMNLs are recruited to T. pallidum and capable of phagocytosing the bacteria.
    • Antibodies and complement significantly enhance PMNL responses to T. pallidum.
    • Despite PMNLs' ability to ingest and damage T. pallidum, complete eradication does not occur, suggesting immune evasion mechanisms by the pathogen.