Hyponatremia and arginine vasopressin secretion in patients with refractory hepatic ascites undergoing...

Seven patients with persistent hyponatremia but normal or elevated serum arginine vasopressin levels and refractory ascites undergoing peritoneovenous shunting were studied in a Metabolic Unit on a 20 mEq sodium 1200 ml fluid-restricted diet to elucidate the mechanism of this response. The intravascular volume expansion after shunt implantation resulted in improvements in cardiac output, renal plasma flow and creatinine clearance (70.7 +/- 9.5 to 140.1 +/- 18.5 ml/min, p less than 0.005). There was an immediate diuresis (632 +/- 135 to 2450 +/- 323 ml/day, p less than 0.005) and natriuresis (3 +/- 1 to 25.9 +/- 10.6 mEq/24 h, p less than 0.05), and urine osmolality decreased significantly (622 +/- 91 to 251 +/- 76 mosmol/L, p less than 0.05) with a significant rise in serum sodium concentration by 72 hr (131 +/- 2 to 135 +/- 1.6 mEq/L, p less than 0.05) and serum osmolality. Serum arginine vasopressin levels remained elevated at 3.85 +/- 0.94 microU/ml, however, although a transient depression cannot be excluded. Subsequently, a small but significant decrease in serum arginine vasopressin levels to 3.04 +/- 0.65 microU/ml (p less than 0.05) was associated with a further rise in serum sodium levels above baseline values (138 +/- 1.4 mEq/L, p less than 0.01) and in serum osmolality. In conclusion, these results indicate that in this group of cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites, intrarenal factors, such as decreased delivery of filtrate to the distal nephron as well as elevated inappropriate levels of arginine vasopressin, are important in the pathogenesis of hyponatremia.