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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury
07:25

Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury

Published on: May 25, 2017

Chemonucleolysis of herniated lumbar discs.

W F Hejna, G Sinkora

    American Family Physician
    |May 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Chemonucleolysis offers a less invasive treatment for herniated lumbar discs. This procedure, involving chymopapain injection, achieved an 83% success rate with lower risks and costs compared to surgery.

    Area of Science:

    • Minimally Invasive Procedures
    • Biochemical Therapies
    • Spinal Surgery Alternatives

    Background:

    • Herniated lumbar discs often require surgical intervention.
    • Open surgery for disc herniation carries significant risks and costs.
    • Chemonucleolysis presents a less invasive alternative.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of chemonucleolysis for lumbar disc herniation.
    • To compare chemonucleolysis outcomes with traditional surgical methods.

    Main Methods:

    • Chemonucleolysis involves injecting chymopapain enzyme into the affected intervertebral disc.
    • The procedure is guided by fluoroscopic imaging for precise delivery.
    • Chymopapain specifically targets chondromucoprotein within the disc cartilage.

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    Last Updated: Jul 23, 2026

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    Published on: May 25, 2017

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    Published on: July 8, 2021

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    05:42

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    Published on: April 7, 2023

    Main Results:

    • Chemonucleolysis demonstrated an 83% success rate in a cohort of 100 patients.
    • The closed procedure showed comparable success rates to open surgery.
    • Patients experienced lower morbidity, reduced costs, and increased acceptance.

    Conclusions:

    • Chemonucleolysis is an effective and safe treatment option for herniated lumbar discs.
    • It offers a viable alternative to surgery with improved patient outcomes and economic benefits.