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Related Concept Videos

Phenotypic Profiling of Human Stem Cell-Derived Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons09:21

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This protocol describes the cell culturing of human midbrain dopaminergic neurons, followed by immunological staining and the generation of neuronal phenotypic profiles from acquired microscopic high-content images allowing the identification of phenotypic variations due to genetic or chemical...
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In Parkinson's Disease (PD), Substantia Nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons degenerate, leading to motor dysfunction. Here we report a protocol for culturing ventral midbrain neurons from a mouse expressing eGFP driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter sequence, harvesting individual fluorescent neurons from the cultures, and measuring their transcriptome using...
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The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson’s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of...
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This protocol describes two different environmental manipulations and a concurrent brain infusion protocol to study environmentally-induced brain changes underlying adaptive behavior and brain repair in adult...
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Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various...
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Dopamine is distinctly regulated in the midbrain nuclei, which contain the cell bodies and dendrites of the dopamine neurons. Here we describe a dissection and sample-handling approach to maximize results, and thus conclusions and insights, on dopamine regulation in the midbrain nuclei of the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice
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The incidentally discovered adrenal mass.

P M Copeland

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |June 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Increasingly sensitive CT scans find more adrenal masses. A new approach using mass size, cyst fluid analysis, and biochemical tests helps decide which incidental adrenal tumors require surgery.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Radiology
    • Oncology

    Background:

    • Computed tomographic (CT) scans are increasingly sensitive, leading to more incidental adrenal mass discoveries.
    • Benign adrenal lesions are far more common than malignant ones, necessitating a strategy to manage incidental findings.
    • Current evaluation methods like history, physical exam, imaging, and biopsies have limitations in diagnosing these masses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an approach for determining which incidentally discovered adrenal masses warrant surgical intervention.
    • To provide a framework for managing adrenal incidentalomas when initial evaluations are inconclusive.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing patient history and physical examination findings.
    • Incorporating imaging characteristics and results from cyst fluid analysis (if performed).

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  • Employing biochemical assessments to evaluate adrenal function and tumor type.
  • Considering the relative prevalence of benign versus malignant clinically silent adrenal tumors.

    • Main Results:

    • An integrated approach combining clinical, imaging, biochemical, and size-based criteria can effectively guide surgical decisions for adrenal incidentalomas.
    • This strategy aims to minimize unnecessary surgeries for benign lesions while identifying potentially malignant or functionally active tumors.

    Conclusions:

    • An evidence-based approach is crucial for managing the growing number of incidentally discovered adrenal masses.
    • Combining mass size, cyst puncture results, and biochemical assessment offers a practical method to select patients for surgery.
    • This approach helps differentiate between benign and malignant adrenal tumors, optimizing patient care and resource allocation.