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Related Concept Videos

Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

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Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral01:18

Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral

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Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
Enteral administration involves drug administration via the mouth in two ways: orally or sublingually.
Unlike sublingually drugs, drugs that are taken orally pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and get metabolized by the liver. Once metabolized, the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation, reaching different body parts via the bloodstream. However, while passing through the stomach,...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Overview01:22

Routes of Drug Administration: Overview

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Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral administration refers to drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. They can be swallowed (perorally), placed under the tongue (sublingually), or on the inner lining of the cheeks (buccally). Perorally administered drugs take time to be absorbed and have a slower onset of action. The rectal route is another form of enteral administration, which allows for...
9.2K
Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

1.3K
The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections
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Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Published on: August 30, 2014

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Oral route as method for immunizing against mucosal pathogens.

R H Waldman, J Stone, V Lazzell

    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
    |June 30, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Oral immunization offers a promising alternative to traditional vaccines, stimulating local antibody production for improved mucosal immunity. This approach shows potential for protecting against various pathogens with fewer side effects and easier administration.

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Vaccinology
    • Microbiology

    Background:

    • Significant advancements in non-parenteral immunization strategies have been pursued over the last three decades.
    • The importance of secretory immunity has driven efforts to locally stimulate antibody production, particularly for respiratory pathogens.
    • Existing vaccines for respiratory pathogens face limitations including personnel, equipment, recipient cooperation, and vaccine stability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore novel vaccine development approaches by leveraging the common mucosal immune system.
    • To investigate the potential of oral immunization, specifically by stimulating Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT), for broad mucosal protection.
    • To focus on developing an oral vaccine against *Streptococcus mutans* (S. mutans) and assess its efficacy.

    Main Methods:

    • Stimulating antibody production locally through non-parenteral routes.
    • Utilizing oral immunization to activate the common mucosal immune system.
    • Administering *S. mutans* antigen orally to rats and humans to assess antibody response and protection.
    • Evaluating protection against influenza infection in mice following oral immunization.
    • Conducting a pilot study in human volunteers comparing oral and parenteral vaccination responses.

    Main Results:

    • Oral administration of *S. mutans* antigen induced salivary and tear antibodies without a serum antibody rise in rats and humans.
    • Rats receiving oral *S. mutans* vaccine were protected from caries upon rechallenge with homologous and cross-reacting serotypes.
    • Mice demonstrated significant protection against influenza infection after oral immunization.
    • A pilot study indicated similar secretory antibody responses in nasal washes for both oral and parenteral vaccination in humans.

    Conclusions:

    • Oral immunization, by stimulating GALT, presents a viable strategy for protecting mucosal surfaces against diverse infectious agents.
    • Oral vaccination against *S. mutans* shows promise for preventing caries and may offer cross-protection.
    • Oral immunization may surpass parenteral vaccination due to reduced side effects and simplified vaccine preparation and administration.
    • Further research into oral vaccines could revolutionize immunization strategies for numerous pathogens.