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Related Concept Videos

Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...

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Computer averaging of 50 S ribosomal subunit electron micrographs.

N A Kiseley, E V Orlova, Stel'maschuk VYa

    Journal of Molecular Biology
    |September 5, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Computer averaging of Escherichia coli micrographs using maximum-likelihood and correlation methods yielded highly similar images. This confirms the fine structure of the bacterial subunit, validated by optical averaging techniques.

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    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Structural Biology
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Escherichia coli is a model organism for studying bacterial cell biology.
    • Understanding the structure of bacterial subunits is crucial for deciphering cellular functions.
    • High-resolution imaging techniques are essential for visualizing fine structural details.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the effectiveness of maximum-likelihood and correlation methods for computer averaging of electron micrographs.
    • To determine the fine structural details of a large Escherichia coli subunit.
    • To validate computer averaging results using optical averaging.

    Main Methods:

    • Negative staining of Escherichia coli subunits with uranyl acetate.
    • Computer averaging of micrographs using the maximum-likelihood method.
    • Computer averaging of micrographs using the correlation method.
    • Optical averaging of micrographs.

    Main Results:

    • Both maximum-likelihood and correlation methods produced extremely similar averaged images.
    • The fine structure of the Escherichia coli subunit was consistently resolved by both computer averaging techniques.
    • Optical averaging corroborated the findings from computer-based image processing.

    Conclusions:

    • Maximum-likelihood and correlation methods are reliable for analyzing electron micrographs of bacterial subunits.
    • The fine structure of the large Escherichia coli subunit is well-defined and consistently observed across different averaging techniques.
    • Computer and optical averaging are complementary methods for structural elucidation in microbiology.