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Benzidine dihydrochloride: risk assessment.

N A Littlefield, C J Nelson, D W Gaylor

    Fundamental and Applied Toxicology : Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology
    |February 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Benzidine-based dyes pose a cancer risk as they can metabolize into benzidine. This study found genetically homogeneous mice and females were more susceptible to liver tumors from benzidine dihydrochloride exposure.

    Area of Science:

    • Toxicology
    • Carcinogenesis
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Benzidine is a known human bladder carcinogen and animal liver carcinogen.
    • Commercial dyes can release benzidine through metabolic processes, posing an exposure risk.
    • Understanding benzidine's carcinogenic potential is crucial for public health.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the carcinogenic hazard of benzidine dihydrochloride in mice.
    • To evaluate dose-response relationships and identify susceptible populations.
    • To establish a virtually safe dose for benzidine exposure.

    Main Methods:

    • Lifespan exposure of F1 hybrid and monohybrid mice (both sexes) to varying concentrations of benzidine dihydrochloride in drinking water.
    • Monitoring of body weight, survival rates, and incidence of liver neoplasms (adenomas and carcinomas).

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  • Application of the Armitage Doll multistage model and linear interpolation for tumor rate analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • Dose-dependent effects on body weight, survival, and liver tumors were observed in both mouse stocks.
    • Females exhibited higher susceptibility than males to benzidine-induced liver neoplasms.
    • The F1 (genetically homogeneous) stock was more susceptible than the monohybrid (genetically heterogeneous) cross.
    • A virtually safe dose of 0.045 ppb was calculated for F1 female mice.

    Conclusions:

    • Genetic homogeneity and female sex increase susceptibility to benzidine-induced liver cancer.
    • Low-dose exposure to benzidine dihydrochloride can significantly increase liver tumor rates.
    • The study provides critical data for risk assessment and regulation of benzidine-based dyes.