Genetics, biomarkers, and control of breast cancer: a review

More has been written about the epidemiology of breast cancer than possibly any other form of cancer affecting mankind. However, in the face of this intense interest, only a paucity of attention has been given to the role of genetics in its etiology. This review represents an attempt by the investigators to provide a comprehensive coverage of hereditary breast cancer. Included are pertinent endogeneous and exogeneous risk factors, which in certain circumstances, may significantly influence the role of primary genetic factors. Hereditary breast cancer is heterogeneous. When discussing the subject, therefore, one must be precise relevant to the particular heterogeneous form of concern, based on differing tumor associations. It is probably not appropriate to discuss "hereditary breast cancer" without qualification of the specific hereditary breast cancer syndrome of concern; i.e., the SBLA syndrome, breast/ovarian cancer syndrome, and others. This reasoning also applies to attempts at linking biomarkers to hereditary breast cancer. Finally, in addition to ongoing discussions on the cardinal principles that associate with hereditary forms of breast cancer, its frequency, and new developments in biomarkers, we have provided surveillance/management programs that embrace those facets of the natural history of this disease.