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The human sympathochromaffin system.

S D Shah, T F Tse, W E Clutter

    The American Journal of Physiology
    |September 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Hypoglycemia stimulates extra-adrenal epinephrine release, not sympathetic nerves. Plasma epinephrine levels in adrenalectomized individuals suggest paracrine, not endocrine, actions of this hormone.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Neuroscience
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • Adrenal medulla primarily secretes epinephrine.
    • Sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine.
    • Regulation of catecholamine secretion is complex.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the source and regulation of epinephrine secretion during hypoglycemia and standing in humans.
    • To determine if hypoglycemia stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.
    • To propose a unified system for catecholamine-producing tissues.

    Main Methods:

    • Studied five bilaterally adrenalectomized individuals.
    • Measured plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels.
    • Utilized a sensitive single-isotope derivative assay.

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  • Administered hypoglycemia and standing stimuli.

    • Main Results:

    • Hypoglycemia stimulated plasma epinephrine in adrenalectomized individuals.
    • Standing stimulated plasma norepinephrine but not epinephrine.
    • Hypoglycemia did not increase plasma norepinephrine levels.
    • Extra-adrenal epinephrine secretion is regulated and likely paracrine.

    Conclusions:

    • Extra-adrenal epinephrine is secreted by innervated cells distinct from sympathetic neurons.
    • Extra-adrenal epinephrine's actions are paracrine, not endocrine, in adults.
    • Hypoglycemia does not stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
    • Proposed the 'sympathochromaffin system' comprising sympathetic nerves and chromaffin tissues.