Biological effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and other phthalic acid esters

Esters of o-phthalic acid are widely distributed in the ecosystem. The phthalate acid esters (PAE's) are used as plasticizers in the manufacture of polyvinylchlorides. They are also used as solvents in certain industrial processes and as vehicles for pesticides. The PAE's are used in enormous quantities for a variety of industrial uses in the formulation of plastics. While there are a number of important PAE's, di-ethylhexyl phthalate has perhaps been used the most extensively in the formulation of plastics used in medical devices and blood bag assemblies. The metabolism, biodistribution and excretion varies to some extent among the various PAE's. There are species differences with respect to the metabolism of the PAE's. The route of administration, and the level and length of exposure, are known to affect the toxicological profile of the various PAE's. There is little evidence of bioaccumulation of the various PAE's, and only at very large doses have there been reports of overt toxicity. Evidence for the carcinogenicity of certain PAE's apparently is related to prolonged exposure to high levels.