Epidemiologic studies on vitamin A and cancer

Data derived from epidemiologic studies on human populations are consistent with the protection from cancer afforded by vitamin A seen in animal studies. The populations studied are diverse, including groups living in India, Singapore, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The methodologies brought to bear on the question have been equally varied. Although there are inconsistencies in findings, and instances in which an association has not been observed, the weight of evidence suggests that the intake of vitamin A from dietary or other sources may inhibit the onset of lung cancer and possibly other cancers. However, the evidence from human populations is not experimental and it is conceivable that the associations observed are not causal. Additional epidemiologic research is needed to determine what sites of cancer may be inhibited by vitamin A and whether cancer growth at any other site is enhanced by high vitamin A intakes. It is also important that controlled trials using vitamin A as a chemopreventive agent be considered as a means of determining whether the epidemiologic findings are of clinical significance.