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Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Karyotyping

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...

X-Inactivation

X-Inactivation

The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...

Synteny and Evolution

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

Published on: February 23, 2011

Paracentric inversions in man.

K Madan, M Seabright, R H Lindenbaum

Journal of Medical Genetics

|December 1, 1984

Summary

Most paracentric inversions are harmless, but carriers face a low risk of having abnormal children. This risk increases if other family members have experienced recurrent abortions or abnormal children.

Area of Science:

Genetics
Human Genetics
Cytogenetics

Background:

Paracentric inversions, a type of chromosomal rearrangement, are reviewed in 50 cases.
Familial inheritance patterns are noted in 34 cases, with 62 phenotypically normal carriers identified.

Observation:

Twenty cases (40%) of paracentric inversions were incidentally discovered.
Two instances of offspring with unbalanced karyotypes resulting from parental paracentric inversions were reported.

Findings:

The majority of paracentric inversions are phenotypically benign.
The risk for abnormal offspring in heterozygotes is generally low.
Risk increases with a family history of recurrent abortions or affected children.

Implications:

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Caution is advised during antenatal diagnosis due to potential for unexpected unbalanced chromosome types.
Accurate identification of subtle inversion differences between parents and fetuses requires high-resolution banding techniques.