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Related Concept Videos

Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads
12:49

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

Published on: March 15, 2013

A Drosophila metabolic gene transcript is alternatively processed.

S Henikoff, J S Sloan, J D Kelly

    Cell
    |September 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers studied the Drosophila purine pathway enzyme GAR transformylase. A novel exon mapping method revealed a single gene can produce two distinct polypeptides through alternative transcript processing, potentially directing metabolic flow.

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    Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads
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    Published on: March 15, 2013

    Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)-based Metabolomics
    07:21

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    Published on: June 6, 2018

    Measuring O2 Consumption in Drosophila melanogaster Using Coulometric Microrespirometry
    07:12

    Measuring O2 Consumption in Drosophila melanogaster Using Coulometric Microrespirometry

    Published on: July 7, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Biochemistry
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • The purine pathway is crucial for cellular metabolism.
    • GAR transformylase is a key enzyme in purine biosynthesis.
    • Understanding gene transcription and protein expression is vital in model organisms like Drosophila.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the organization and transcription of a Drosophila DNA segment encoding GAR transformylase.
    • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the production of GAR transformylase and related proteins.
    • To explore the potential for alternative transcript processing in metabolic pathway regulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Novel exon mapping technique without cDNA isolation for rare transcripts.
    • Analysis of Drosophila DNA segments and their corresponding transcripts.
    • Bioinformatic analysis to predict polypeptide structure and domains.

    Main Results:

    • Identified a DNA segment coding for GAR transformylase, a purine pathway enzyme.
    • Discovered a rare transcript encoding a long polypeptide with GAR transformylase at the COOH terminus.
    • Found that a single gene, through alternative splicing and a polyadenylation signal within an intron, produces two distinct polypeptides from different transcripts.

    Conclusions:

    • Alternative processing of a single gene transcript allows for the production of two different polypeptides.
    • This mechanism may serve to channel metabolic intermediates into distinct pathways.
    • The findings provide insights into the complex regulation of gene expression and metabolic flux in Drosophila.