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Updated: Aug 18, 2026

A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing
Published on: July 3, 2016
Membership mutation of the genetic code: loss of fitness by tryptophan
Abstract:
Bacillus subtilis strain QB928, a tryptophan-auxotroph, was serially mutated to yield strain HR15. For QB928, tryptophan functioned as a competent amino acid and 4-fluorotryptophan as merely an inferior analogue. For HR15, these roles were reversed. The tryptophan/4-fluorotryptophan growth ratio decreased by a factor of 2 X 10(4) in the transition from QB928 to HR15.
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Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Repressible Operon: trp Operon