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Related Experiment Videos

Narial closure in toads; which muscles?

C Gans, R Pyles

    Respiration Physiology
    |August 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Frog narial closure does not use intrinsic muscles. Instead, the M. submentalis, a lower jaw muscle, facilitates this action, confirmed by electromyography and airflow measurements.

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    Area of Science:

    • Herpetology
    • Comparative anatomy
    • Biomechanics

    Background:

    • Narial closure mechanisms in anurans (frogs) are not fully understood.
    • Previous hypotheses suggested intrinsic muscles might be involved.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the muscular basis of narial closure in frogs.
    • To test Gaupp's hypothesis regarding the role of the M. submentalis.

    Main Methods:

    • Examination of over 40 frog species for narial musculature.
    • Electromyography of relevant muscles during simulated narial closure.
    • Measurement of airflow at the nostrils concurrently with muscle stimulation.

    Main Results:

    • No intrinsic narial muscles were found to be involved in narial closure across examined species.

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  • The M. submentalis (lower jaw muscle) was identified as the primary muscle responsible for narial closure.
  • Muscular displacement of the M. submentalis was shown to transmit forces via the snout's skeletal and cartilaginous structures.

    • Conclusions:

    • Narial closure in frogs is exclusively achieved through the action of the M. submentalis.
    • Skeletal and cartilaginous elements of the frog snout play a crucial role in transmitting force for narial closure.
    • The findings support and confirm Gaupp's long-standing hypothesis on anuran narial closure mechanics.