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Altitude adaptation: organisms without lungs.

H Rahn

    Progress in Clinical and Biological Research
    |January 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Organisms adapt to high altitudes through structural changes in gas exchange systems. Avian eggs reduce pore area to maintain water balance, demonstrating adaptation to increased gas diffusion at altitude.

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    Area of Science:

    • Physiological Ecology
    • Comparative Physiology
    • Altitude Adaptation

    Background:

    • Organisms relying on diffusive gas exchange must adapt to environmental changes like altitude.
    • Increased diffusion coefficients at higher altitudes present challenges for gas exchange.
    • Convective transport systems adjust via ventilation, while diffusive systems rely on structural modifications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore structural modifications in organisms with diffusive gas transport in response to altitude.
    • To understand how different gases (CO2, O2, water vapor) are affected by altered diffusion rates.
    • To investigate the functional conductance in avian eggs at varying altitudes.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparative analysis of gas exchange mechanisms in different organisms.

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  • Examination of structural adaptations in avian eggshells.
  • Review of existing observations on plant conductance at altitude.

    • Main Results:

    • Avian eggs exhibit reduced pore area, maintaining functional conductance despite increased diffusivity at altitude, preventing embryo desiccation.
    • Plant conductance responses to altitude are variable, suggesting factors beyond temperature and CO2 partial pressure.
    • The diffusion coefficients for CO2, O2, and water vapor differ, meaning structural changes do not equalize transfer rates for all gases.

    Conclusions:

    • Structural modifications are key for organisms with diffusive gas transport to adapt to altitude.
    • Avian eggshell pore reduction is an effective adaptation to maintain water balance and gas exchange at high altitudes.
    • The differential diffusion rates of gases necessitate complex structural adaptations for effective gas exchange in varying environments.