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Mechanical loading histories and cortical bone remodeling.

D R Carter

    Calcified Tissue International
    |January 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Bone structural adaptation to mechanical strain is site-specific and nonlinear. Different mechanisms may control bone loss (atrophy) and gain (hypertrophy) in response to cyclic loading.

    Area of Science:

    • Biomechanics
    • Skeletal Biology
    • Bone Physiology

    Background:

    • Cyclic principal strains in bone vary significantly across the skeleton.
    • Immature bone may exhibit greater responsiveness to altered cyclic strains than mature bone.
    • Bone's response to mechanical stimuli is crucial for maintaining skeletal integrity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a conceptual framework for understanding structural adaptation of cortical bone.
    • To investigate the site-specific nature of bone's strain/remodeling response.
    • To explore the nonlinear relationship between cyclic strain and bone adaptation.

    Main Methods:

    • Conceptual framework development.
    • Review of animal experimental studies.

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  • Complementary stress and strain analyses.

    • Main Results:

    • Bone adaptation to cyclic strain is likely site-specific and nonlinear.
    • Immobilization-induced bone loss in mature animals is sensitive to small strain changes.
    • A broad range of physical activity shows minimal bone response, while severe loading promotes hypertrophy.

    Conclusions:

    • Bone atrophy and hypertrophy might be regulated by distinct control systems.
    • Two or more control systems may govern bone mass regulation via cyclic strain histories.
    • Bone mechanical microdamage is a probable stimulus for bone mass increase.