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Related Concept Videos

The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a superfamily...
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a superfamily...

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A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster
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A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster

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The Drosophila ras oncogenes: structure and nucleotide sequence.

F S Neuman-Silberberg, E Schejter, F M Hoffmann

    Cell
    |July 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers identified three Drosophila genes similar to Ha-ras, with Dras 1 and Dras 2 showing significant homology to vertebrate ras proteins. This suggests conserved functional domains in these crucial oncogenes across species.

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    A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster
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    Characterize Disease-related Mutants of RAF Family Kinases by Using a Set of Practical and Feasible Methods
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    Characterize Disease-related Mutants of RAF Family Kinases by Using a Set of Practical and Feasible Methods

    Published on: July 17, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Developmental Biology

    Background:

    • Ras genes are critical regulators of cell signaling and are conserved across eukaryotes.
    • Drosophila melanogaster serves as a powerful model organism for studying fundamental biological processes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify and characterize Drosophila genes homologous to the vertebrate Ha-ras oncogene.
    • To investigate the evolutionary conservation of ras gene structure and function.

    Main Methods:

    • Isolation and chromosomal mapping of Drosophila ras homologs using a Ha-ras probe.
    • Nucleotide sequencing of Dras 1 (cDNA) and Dras 2 (genomic clone).
    • Comparative sequence alignment of Drosophila ras proteins with vertebrate Ha-ras and Ki-ras proteins.

    Main Results:

    • Three Drosophila genes homologous to Ha-ras were mapped to chromosome 3.
    • Dras 1 and Dras 2 encode proteins with predicted molecular weights of 21.6 kd.
    • Dras 1 exhibits 75% amino acid homology with vertebrate Ha-ras, particularly in the amino-terminal and central regions.
    • Dras 2 shows 50% homology, with variations at the N-terminus, suggesting it forms a distinct domain.
    • Both Drosophila sequences show variability at the C-terminus but are more similar to Ki-ras exon 4B.

    Conclusions:

    • Drosophila possesses ras gene homologs with significant structural and potential functional conservation to vertebrate counterparts.
    • The N-terminus of the p21 protein may represent a distinct regulatory or functional domain.
    • Comparative analysis highlights evolutionary divergence in ras gene families, particularly at the C-terminus.