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Related Experiment Videos

Helplessness, illusions, and depression: final comment.

B Schwartz

    Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
    |September 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary
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    This study questions the evidence that nondepressed individuals accurately perceive noncontingency. It argues that learned helplessness, while not always necessary or sufficient, remains relevant to understanding depression.

    Area of Science:

    • Psychology
    • Clinical Psychology
    • Cognitive Psychology

    Background:

    • Learned helplessness theory has been linked to depression.
    • The accuracy of non-depressed individuals in detecting noncontingency is debated.
    • The necessity and sufficiency of learned helplessness in depression are discussed.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the evidence for accurate noncontingency detection in nondepressed individuals.
    • To clarify the relevance of learned helplessness to depression.

    Main Methods:

    • Critical analysis of existing research and theoretical arguments.
    • Review of studies examining contingency detection and depression.

    Main Results:

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  • Evidence suggesting nondepressed individuals accurately detect noncontingency appears weak.
  • The concept of learned helplessness is relevant to depression, irrespective of necessity or sufficiency.

    • Conclusions:

    • The claim that nondepressed individuals accurately detect noncontingency requires stronger evidence.
    • Learned helplessness remains a relevant construct for understanding the etiology of depression.