Present status of axially angled angiocardiography

Axial angiography visualizes anatomical details of normal and pathological hearts not previously demonstrated by conventional angiography. Progress in the diagnosis of congenital heart malformations using axial projection technique has been reconsidered, emphasizing that the anatomical details of each congenital heart malformation and their associated anomalies that can be revealed by axial angiography. Three angiographic views form the basis of this study: long axial, four chamber, and elongated right anterior oblique. Relevant findings are presented in isolated ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, atrioventricular septal defects, common ventricle, and straddling atrioventricular valves. Variability in the position and orientation of the heart requires adjustment of the degree of obliquity and/or angulation of the X-ray beam in individual patients to obtain the appropriate angiographic views.