Cost of departure from optimality in arterial branching

Measurements of branching angles in the arterial tree have in the past indicated a great deal of scatter away from what is expected to be optimum on theoretical grounds. In this study the cost penalty of nonoptimum branching angles is calculated for the first time to determine how far from optimum these angles are. The results lead to the remarkable conclusion that while the scatter of the measured branching angles is fairly large, they represent deviations from optimum angles which correspond to only 2% or so penalty in cost.