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Heat illness in the athlete.

R J Murphy

    The American Journal of Sports Medicine
    |July 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary

    Heat illness, including heatstroke, is a major risk in American football. Proper hydration and environmental awareness are key to preventing heat-related disorders during exercise.

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    Area of Science:

    • Sports Medicine
    • Environmental Physiology

    Background:

    • Heat illness is a significant cause of disability and death in American football.
    • Understanding heatstroke physiology has evolved over 25 years, improving management strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the physiological basis of heat illness and outline prevention strategies.
    • To highlight the importance of hydration and environmental monitoring in preventing heat-related disorders.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review on heat illness physiology and prevention.
    • Analysis of heat dissipation mechanisms (sweating) and consequences of dehydration.
    • Identification of risk factors and preventive measures for exercise in hot environments.

    Main Results:

    • Sweating is the primary mechanism for heat dissipation during exercise.
    • Excessive sweating leads to water deficit and can result in heat cramps, syncope, exhaustion, and heatstroke.
    • Prevention involves conditioning, identifying susceptible individuals, appropriate clothing, environmental evaluation, and adequate water availability.

    Conclusions:

    • Adequate water intake before, during, and after exercise is crucial for preventing heat illness.
    • Electrolyte replacement and dietary salt are important but secondary to sufficient hydration.
    • A comprehensive approach to prevention includes physiological understanding, risk assessment, and environmental control.

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