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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
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Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Author Spotlight: Traditional Chinese Medicine for Sleep Disorders in Acute COPD — A Safe, Cost-Effective Approach
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Obstructive sleep apnea in hypothyroidism.

K R Rajagopal, P H Abbrecht, S S Derderian

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |October 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Sleep apnea is common in hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy significantly reduces sleep apnea frequency, even without weight loss.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Sleep Medicine
    • Respiratory Medicine

    Background:

    • Untreated hypothyroidism can lead to various health complications.
    • Sleep-disordered breathing, including sleep apnea, is suspected in hypothyroid patients.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the incidence and frequency of sleep apnea in patients with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism.
    • To evaluate the effect of thyroid hormone replacement therapy on sleep apnea.

    Main Methods:

    • Studied 11 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism before and during treatment.
    • Monitored apnea episodes per hour of sleep.
    • Conducted carbon dioxide response tests under loaded and non-loaded conditions.

    Main Results:

    • Nine out of eleven patients experienced sleep apnea, with a mean frequency of 71.8 episodes/hour.
    • Obese patients had significantly higher apnea frequency (99.5 episodes/hour) than non-obese patients (16.3 episodes/hour).
    • Thyroxine replacement therapy reduced mean apnea frequency to 12.7 episodes/hour, decreased sleep stage changes, and improved respiratory effort.

    Conclusions:

    • Sleep apnea is highly prevalent in untreated hypothyroidism, irrespective of lung function.
    • Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is effective in reducing sleep apnea frequency, independent of body weight changes.