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Related Concept Videos

Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous capillaries...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease
09:16

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease

Published on: June 30, 2018

Structural-functional relationships in diabetic nephropathy.

S M Mauer, M W Steffes, E N Ellis

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |October 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Mesangial expansion, not glomerular basement membrane thickness, strongly correlates with diabetic nephropathy progression in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Mesangial expansion may impair kidney function by reducing filtering surface area.

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    Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
    10:31

    Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

    Published on: May 2, 2025

    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Diabetology
    • Pathology

    Background:

    • Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
    • Understanding the structural correlates of diabetic nephropathy is crucial for predicting disease progression and developing targeted therapies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between renal structural changes (glomerular basement membrane thickness and mesangial expansion) and clinical manifestations of diabetic nephropathy in IDDM patients.
    • To explore the potential mechanisms by which structural alterations contribute to kidney function decline.

    Main Methods:

    • Semiquantitative light microscopy and quantitative electron microscopic stereologic morphometry were used to analyze renal biopsies from 45 IDDM patients.
    • Correlations were assessed between structural parameters (GBM thickness, mesangial expansion) and clinical data (albuminuria, hypertension, glomerular filtration rate).

    Main Results:

    • No strong relationship was found between the duration of IDDM and either GBM thickness or mesangial expansion.
    • GBM thickening showed a weak correlation with mesangial expansion.
    • Mesangial expansion, but not GBM thickness, strongly correlated with clinical manifestations of diabetic nephropathy.
    • Mesangial expansion was inversely correlated with capillary filtering surface area density.

    Conclusions:

    • Mesangial expansion, rather than GBM thickening, is a key structural determinant of diabetic nephropathy progression in IDDM.
    • Mesangial expansion may impair kidney function by restricting the glomerular capillary vasculature and its filtering surface.
    • Other factors like capillary closure, glomerular sclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis may also contribute to diabetic nephropathy.