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Dependence and its relationship to depression.
The British Journal of Medical Psychology
|September 1, 1984
Summary
Dependence, whether a trait or state, is closely linked to depression. Understanding its components—affectional, ontological, and differential—offers insights into depression
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Psychiatry
- Clinical Psychology
Background:
- Dependence, as a trait or state, shows a strong correlation with depression.
- Existing theories categorize depression sources as anaclitic (excessive affection demands) or introjective (negative attitudes, self-blame), aligning with Blatt's (1974) models.
- Self-esteem is a critical factor connecting these theoretical approaches to dependence and depression.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore the multifaceted nature of dependence and its relationship with depression.
- To propose a three-component model of dependence: affectional, ontological, and differential.
- To elucidate the less recognized role of the ontological component in predisposing individuals to depression.
Main Methods:
- Theoretical analysis and synthesis of existing psychological literature on dependence and depression.
- Integration of concepts from attachment theory (Bowlby), psychoanalytic theory (oral personality), and cognitive theory (Beck).
- Examination of developmental psychology concepts related to identity formation (Laing).
Main Results:
- Dependence is conceptualized with three components: affectional (linked to anxious attachment, oral personality), ontological (related to identity issues and fusion), and differential (associated with depression-prone individuals).
- The ontological component, characterized by a poorly established identity and fusion with others, is identified as a significant, though less recognized, factor in depression.
- Both excessive dependence and excessive independence (detachment) are presented as potentially maladaptive, contrasting with the adaptive state of autonomy.
Conclusions:
- Dependence is a complex construct with distinct components contributing to depression risk.
- The ontological component of dependence, involving identity diffusion, plays a crucial role in vulnerability to depression.
- Autonomy, defined as true separateness combined with the capacity for intimacy, represents a healthy balance, contrasting with maladaptive dependence or independence.