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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Sensory Modalities01:15

Sensory Modalities

Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...
Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the stimulus...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

Learning as a function of haptic discriminability among items.

S E Newman, A D Hall, D J Foster

    The American Journal of Psychology
    |January 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary

    Braille symbol discriminability impacts learning speed. Easier-to-distinguish braille symbols (A-J) were learned faster than less-discriminable ones (K-T), similar to other sensory learning.

    Area of Science:

    • Haptics
    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Educational Technology

    Background:

    • Tactile perception is crucial for braille literacy.
    • The physical characteristics of braille symbols may influence learning efficiency.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between braille symbol discriminability and learning speed.
    • To determine if symbol characteristics, rather than names, drive learning differences.

    Main Methods:

    • Experiment 1: Assessed haptic discriminability of braille symbols (A-J vs. K-T).
    • Experiment 2: Measured learning speed of braille symbol names.
    • Experiment 3: Differentiated effects of symbol properties versus names on learning.

    Main Results:

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    Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
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    • Braille symbols A-J were more haptically discriminable than K-T.
    • Subjects learned braille symbols A-J faster than K-T.
    • Faster learning was attributed to symbol discriminability, not symbol names.

    Conclusions:

    • Haptic discriminability of braille symbols significantly affects learning speed.
    • These findings align with principles of perceptual learning across sensory modalities.
    • Optimizing braille symbol design could enhance literacy acquisition for visually impaired individuals.