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Updated: Aug 11, 2026

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
06:31

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

Review of glycol ether and glycol ether ester solvents used in the coating industry

R L Smith

    Environmental Health Perspectives
    |August 1, 1984
    PubMed

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    Solvents01:12

    Solvents

    A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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    Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers02:28

    Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

    Structure and Bonding
    Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
    Classification of Ethers
    Based on their attached substituent groups, ethers can be classified into two...
    Physical Properties of Ethers02:17

    Physical Properties of Ethers

    Overview
    An ether molecule has a net dipole moment due to the polarity of C–O bonds. Subsequently, boiling points of ethers are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular weight and slightly higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight (Table 1).
    Ethers can act as hydrogen bond acceptors, making them more water-soluble than hydrocarbons, but since ethers cannot act as hydrogen bond donors, they are much less soluble in water than alcohols. Ethers are considered...
    Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

    Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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    Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
    Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
    In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
    Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration02:35

    Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration

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    Ethers can also be prepared from alkenes through acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols and alkoxymercuration–demercuration.
    Preparation of Ethers by Acid-Catalyzed Addition of Alcohol to Alkenes
    The acid-catalyzed addition of alcohol to an alkene involves treating the alkene with an excess of alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ether under suitable conditions. The hydrogen will add to the less substituted carbon so that the nucleophile can attack the more substituted...
    Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis01:07

    Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

    Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an alkylated β-keto acid.