Morphologic findings of chest deformities in children corresponding to the Willital-Hümmer classification

The clinical classification of funnel and pigeon chest deformities can be subclassified by means of special measurements of the chest. This simple technique makes it possible to differentiate sternocranial, sternocaudal, infrasternal, symmetrical, and asymmetrical marginal and peripheral deformities. This further classification also includes deformities of the vertebral column and deviatory development. The exact analysis of the abnormal chest in three different planes can be performed by means of external chest-wall measurements.