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Experience with the Fontan procedure
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Modifications to the Fontan procedure offer excellent outcomes for complex congenital heart disease patients. This study highlights the procedure
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Pediatric Cardiology
- Cardiac Surgery
Background:
- Complex congenital heart disease necessitates advanced surgical interventions.
- The Fontan procedure is a palliative surgical option for single-ventricle physiology.
- Modifications aim to improve outcomes and reduce complications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the outcomes of modified Fontan procedures in patients with complex congenital heart disease.
- To assess the efficacy of different surgical techniques and the impact of venous assist devices.
- To analyze long-term functional status and survival rates.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of 45 patients undergoing modified Fontan procedures between 1975 and present.
- Review of primary diagnoses including tricuspid atresia, univentricular heart, and pulmonary atresia.
- Assessment of surgical connections (atrial-pulmonary vs. atrial-ventricular), use of conduits, and postoperative interventions like venous assist devices.
Main Results:
- Overall mortality was 12% (3 early, 2 late deaths), predominantly in univentricular heart patients.
- Venous assist devices were effective in improving postoperative cardiac output.
- Long-term follow-up showed 78% of patients in New York Heart Association Class I, indicating good functional status.
Conclusions:
- Modified Fontan procedures are effective for carefully selected patients with complex congenital heart disease.
- While challenges like venous hypertension exist, outcomes are generally favorable.
- The procedure remains a valuable option for improving the quality of life in these patients.
Abstract:
From 1975 to the present, 45 patients have undergone modifications of the Fontan procedure for complex congenital heart disease. There were 30 males and 15 females ranging in age from 2 to 38 years (mean 13 years). Primary diagnoses were tricuspid atresia in 19, univentricular heart in 24, and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in two. Right atrial-pulmonary arterial connections were performed in 32 patients, 11 with conduits (seven with valves and four without) and 21 by direct anastomosis with patch augmentation. Right atrial-right ventricular connections were made in 13 patients, six with valved conduits and seven without conduits. Follow-up ranged from 0.1 to 9 years, with a mean of 2.3 years. There were three early deaths (less than 30 days) (7%) and two late deaths (5%) in this series, all in patients with a univentricular heart. The late deaths were both related to venous hypertension. A venous assist device was used in eight patients in the immediate postoperative period and was effective in improving cardiac output and reducing fluid accumulation. Postoperative Doppler flow studies in 15 patients revealed biphasic pulmonary artery flow in all without distinction between the type of connection or the presence of a valve. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 16 patients a mean of 14 months postoperatively (range 1 to 42 months) and revealed a reduced cardiac index at rest. Exercise testing in eight patients demonstrated a marked rise in right atrial pressure with a reduced rise in the cardiac index, even in those without functional limitations. With a mean follow-up of 2.3 years, 78% of patients were in New York Heart Association Class I, 17% in Class II, and 5% in Class III. We conclude that the Fontan procedure is an excellent operation in carefully selected patients with tricuspid atresia and other forms of complex congenital heart disease.