Comparative freeze-fracture study of perialgal and digestive vacuoles in Paramecium bursaria

In the endosymbiotic unit of Paramecium bursaria (Ciliata) and Chlorella sp. (Chlorophyceae) algae are enclosed individually in perialgal vacuoles, which do not show acid phosphatase activity and thus differ from digestive vacuoles. Both types of vacuoles have been studied by freeze-fracture. Perialgal vacuoles are nearly spherical; their membrane always fits tightly to the algal surface. The vacuole size and shape do not vary much. During division of the algal cell into four autospores the vacuole diameter only doubles. After autospore formation the vacuole invaginates around the algal daughter cells and divides. Newly formed perialgal vacuoles remain in intimate contact and exhibit characteristic attachment zones before final separation. The two fracture faces of perialgal vacuole membranes are homogeneously covered with intramembranous particles (IMPs) but rarely show signs of vesicles pinching off or fusing with the membrane, except during vacuole division. The P-faces bear more IMPs (3164 +/- 625 IMP/micron 2) than the E-faces (654 +/- 208 IMP/micron 2). The range of IMP density on both faces is enormous, suggesting that the membrane is not static. Membrane changes are supposed to occur simultaneously with the enlargement of the vacuole and to be caused by fusion with cytoplasmic vesicles, as the fractured necks on vacuole membranes may indicate. Digestive vacuoles in P. bursaria show significant variations in size, shape, membrane topography and IMP density, as well as signs of endocytic activity. Different vacuole populations are present in P. bursaria according to different feeding conditions: ciliates fed for a long time have small vacuoles with few IMPs (322 +/- 198 IMP/micron 2 on the E-faces, 1438 +/- 458 IMP/micron 2 on the P-faces), which are probably condensed digestive vacuoles, whereas organisms fed for a short time have larger vacuoles with highly particulate faces (680 +/- 282 IMP/micron 2 on the E-faces, 2701 +/- 503 IMP/micron 2 on the P-faces) and thus are supposed to be older vacuoles. The digestive vacuole membrane changes continuously. Compared to digestive vacuoles perialgal vacuoles are characterized by small size combined with high IMP density on the two fracture faces. Their IMP densities resemble those of old digestive vacuole membranes. However, it would be premature to conclude that membranes of perialgal and old digestive vacuoles are identical. Membranes of old digestive vacuoles are mainly derived from lysosomal material, which presumably does not contribute to the formation of perialgal vacuole membranes as is indicated by the small vacuole diameter; fusion with lysosomes would considerably enlarge it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)