The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. IV. Diabetic macular edema

The prevalence of macular edema and its relationship to a number of risk factors were examined in a population-based study in southern Wisconsin. Macular edema was determined from its presence on stereoscopic fundus photographs or from past history as recorded and documented in clinic records and photographs. For participants whose age at diagnosis of diabetes was less than 30 years and who were taking insulin (n = 919), prevalence rates of macular edema varied from 0% in those who had diabetes less than 5 years to 29% in those whose duration of diabetes was 20 or more years. In these persons, macular edema was associated with longer duration of diabetes, presence of proteinuria, diuretic use, male gender and higher glycosylated hemoglobin. For those whose age at diagnosis was 30 years or older (n = 1121), prevalence rates of macular edema varied from 3% in those who had diabetes less than 5 years to 28% in those whose duration of diabetes was 20 or more years. In these persons, presence of macular edema was associated with longer duration of diabetes, higher systolic blood pressure, insulin use, higher glycosylated hemoglobin, and presence of proteinuria.