Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

[Multiple recurrence in progressive paralysis]

A Genz, W Knorr, H L Borkhardt

    Psychiatrie, Neurologie, Und Medizinische Psychologie
    |December 1, 1984
    PubMed

    Insights

    Repeated paralysis recurrences suggest pathogen survival, possibly due to treponema L-type forms. Humoral and immunological changes help verify these persistent infections.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Progressive paralysis of the insane (dementia paralytica) is a late neurosyphilitic manifestation.
    • Optimal therapeutic conditions have historically aimed to eradicate the causative pathogen, Treponema pallidum.

    Observation:

    • Recurrence of progressive paralysis despite treatment suggests pathogen persistence.
    • Treponema pallidum may adopt L-type forms, evading standard therapeutic eradication.
    • Humoral and immunological markers can indicate persistent or recurring infection.

    Findings:

    • Pathogen survival, potentially via L-type forms, is a plausible explanation for recurrent paralysis.
    • Analysis of humoral and immunological changes provides a framework for verifying recurrence.
    • This highlights the limitations of current therapies in fully eradicating the pathogen.

    Implications:

    • Understanding pathogen persistence mechanisms is crucial for developing more effective treatments.
    • Monitoring immunological and humoral changes could improve diagnostic accuracy for recurrent neurosyphilis.
    • Further research into treponemal L-type forms is warranted to combat neurosyphilis effectively.

    More Related Videos

    Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis08:11

    Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis

    Published on: November 14, 2016

    In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of Compound Muscle Action Potential from the Forelimbs in Mouse Models of Motor Neuron Degeneration06:35

    In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of Compound Muscle Action Potential from the Forelimbs in Mouse Models of Motor Neuron Degeneration

    Published on: June 15, 2018

    Related Concept Videos

    Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

    Parkinson's Disease: Overview

    Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
    Botulism01:22

    Botulism

    Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
    Poliomyelitis01:17

    Poliomyelitis

    Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
    Rabies01:28

    Rabies

    Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
    Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

    Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

    Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
    Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

    Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

    Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...