Hypertrophic non-obstructive apical cardiomyopathy. A case presentation and review of the literature

A 20-year-old Coloured man gave a history of atypical chest pain, palpitations after strenuous exercise and a single episode of post-exertional presyncope. The diagnosis of hypertrophic non-obstructive apical cardiomyopathy (HNOAC) was established by means of electrocardiography, echocardiography (both M-mode and two-dimensional) and left ventricular cineangiography. This variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is most unusual and has been encountered most frequently in Japan, although a few cases have been diagnosed in the USA. The present case is the second reported from the Republic of South Africa. Important aspects of HNOAC are reviewed.